Synaptic pruning is an important process in the brain that occurs mainly during development, especially in childhood and adolescence. It represents the elimination of unnecessary or weak synaptic connections between neurons and is important for the optimization and efficiency of brain function.
What is it?
Synapses are the places where neurons communicate with each other through chemical and electrical signals. At an early age, the brain creates a huge amount of synaptic connections (overconnectivity). Over time and with experience, the brain prunes these connections, keeping only the most effective and used ones. In this way, it adapts to the environment and specializes.
When does it happen?
Early childhood: Initially there is a period of rapid formation of new connections (synaptogenesis). Babies and toddlers have more synapses than adults.
Adolescence: In puberty and early adulthood, intense synaptic pruning begins to eliminate redundant connections and create a more efficient and specialized network.
In adulthood: The pruning process is significantly reduced, but still continues less intensively, especially when learning new skills or knowledge.
Why is it important?
This process is critical for normal cognitive development. Abnormal or excessive synaptic pruning can be associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia or autism.
Synaptic pruning creates a more efficient and specialized neural network that supports learning, memory and other cognitive functions.